1923年関東大震災の看護：災害サイクルから見た東京市における人々の健康問題と看護婦の活動

Nursing in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923: Focusing on Health Problems and Activities of Nurses in the Tokyo City From the Perspective of Disaster Cycle

要旨

　目的：1923年の関東大震災における看護を，災害サイクルから見た東京市における人々の健康問題と看護婦の活動に焦点をあてて記述，分析することである．

　方法：歴史研究．関東大震災での東京市の人々の健康問題と看護婦の活動に関する史料を災害サイクルに沿って分析した．

　結果：現地の看護婦は病者や要支援者を護り，避難した．外部からの救援も行われた．救護所では初期においては回復に適した療養環境，必要物品，看護がなく，患者の多くが治療を継続せずその場を立ち去った．臨時病院の開設は遅れ，失われた医療施設を補うまで時間がかかった．急性伝染病への対策は概ね成功したが，慢性病や障がい者の看護，貧困者への医療には課題が残った．

　考察：治療が行われても療養環境が不適切で看護が行き届かず，回復が望めない場合もあった．この震災での看護には看護婦のマンパワー，教育訓練，組織基盤，諸機関との連携などが影響したことが示唆された．

　Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze nursing care in the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923, focusing on health problems and nursing activities in the Tokyo city from the perspective of the disaster cycle.

　Methods: Historical research design. Materials on health problems and nursing activities in the Tokyo city during the Great Kanto earthquake were analyzed based on the disaster cycle.

　Result: Nurses evacuated disaster area while protecting the sick and those in need of assistance. External relief was also provided. In the early stages of acute treatment at the relief station, many patients were difficult to recover due to a lack of appropriate environment, supplies, and nursing care that they were so upset to leave the station. Temporary hospitals were slow to open to make up for lost medical facilities. Control of acute infectious diseases were generally successful, but challenges remained in caring for the chronically ill and disabled and in providing medical care for the poor.

　Discussion: In some cases, even when treatment was available, recovery was not possible due to inadequate nursing care or the environment. It was suggested that the manpower, training, and organizations of nurses and cooperation with various organizations affected nursing care in this disaster.