災害によってもたらされる子どもへの影響の文献的検討—発達段階ごとにみられる心理的特徴

A Review of the Psychological and Behavioral Influences of Disasters on Children at Individual Stages of Development

要約

　子どもは災害に弱い存在で、引き起こされる心理的影響も明らかにされている。本研究では文献から、子どもの発達段階ごとに災害による心理的影響と関連する事項について整理することで、その特徴について明らかにし、求められるケアについて探求することを目的とした。

　方法は質的帰納的手法を用いた。2012年６月に医中誌から文献を抽出した。分析は発達段階ごとに心理的影響に相当する部分を抽出・コード化の後、共通点をまとめた。

　結果、31文献を抽出した。新生児・乳児・青年期は類似した心理的反応をまとめるには至らなかった。幼児期の類似した心理的反応はPTSD等11、学童期は不安の１項目であった。それらに関連する因子は幼児期・学童期ごとに、親子関係・住居等の被害の強さ・子どもの意識等５項目が明らかとなった。本研究結果より、乳児期は母親、幼児期は視覚情報、学童期は推論や人間関係、青年期は内面などから２次的影響を受けており、それらに対するケアが子どもの心のケアに求められると考える。

　Children are ill-equipped to cope with disasters, and are known to be vulnerable to disaster-related psychological effects. In this study, published literature was surveyed to elucidate the characteristics of such effects at various developmental stages, and appropriate care was subsequently discussed.

　The survey was conducted using a qualitative inductive method with articles selected from Igaku Chuo Zasshi (Japana Centra Revuo Medicina) in June 2012. Portions corresponding to psychological effects were extracted and encoded for individual developmental stages, and common points were compiled and subcategorized.

　Thirty-one papers were extracted. Subcategorization was not performed for newborns, infants or adolescents. There were 11 psychological effects in early childhood, one of which involved school-age anxiety. There were five related issues in early childhood and at school age, including parent-child relationships, severe damage to housing and awareness of the child. In relation to the psyche of the child, it can be considered necessary to provide care in regard to the mother during the period of infancy, visual information during early childhood, reasoning and human relations during school age, and secondary effects from inside, among other considerations, during adolescence.