指定避難所の拡大する機能と役割に関する文献検討—避難生活の場としての避難所から避難所外避難者への支援活動に着目して

Literature review on expanding the functions and roles of designated evacuation centers: Focusing on support activities for evacuees outside of shelters from shelters as a place for evacuation life

要旨

目的：災害時の指定避難所の活動には、避難生活の場の提供の他に、避難所以外で避難生活を送る避難者（以下：避難所外避難者）に行った支援活動がある。本研究は、わが国の文献を基に、これらの支援活動を指定避難所の拡大・発展させた機能と役割の点から明らかにし、今後の避難所運営のあり方について示唆を得る。

方法：J-STAGEで「避難所運営」「地域」「生活」「復興」を検索語とし抽出した文献から、指定避難所が避難所外避難者へ行った支援活動の記述のある文献を選定し、その活動内容を質的帰納的に分析した。

結果：指定避難所が行った支援活動は15カテゴリー、7サブテーマとなり、最終的に『地域の生活支援拠点としての機能と役割』『地域の生活復興拠点としての機能と役割』の2テーマに整理された。

結論：今後の避難所運営のあり方として、災害時の避難生活の場の提供だけでなく、これらの機能と役割を発揮することで、避難所外避難者を含めた地域における避難生活の質の悪化を防ぎ、命と健康を守ることが期待される。

Abstract

Purpose: Activities in designated evacuation centers in the event of disasters include the provision of a place for evacuation life and support activities for evacuees who live their evacuation lives in places other than evacuation centers （henceforth, "evacuees outside of shelters"）. This study clarifies the contents of these support activities from the perspective of the expanded and developed functions and roles of designated evacuation centers based on the Japanese literature. It provides suggestions for the future management of evacuation centers.

Methods: Among the literature extracted from J-STAGE using search terms including "evacuation center management," "community," "lifestyle," and "recovery," we selected literature that describes the support activities of designated evacuation centers for evacuees outside of shelters. We analyzed these activities' contents qualitatively and inductively.

Results: We classified the support activities into 15 categories, seven themes, and ultimately, two themes— "function and role as a community disaster response base," and "function and role as a community lifestyle recovery base."

Conclusion: Future evacuation center management is expected to not only provide a place for evacuees to live during a disaster, but also to prevent the deterioration of the quality of evacuation life in the community, including those who evacuated outside the evacuation centers, and protect their lives and health by fulfilling these functions and roles.