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院内発症の急性腎障害(AKI)の原因は,約45%が急性尿細管壊死(ATN)で,ICUにおけるAKIでは70%程度にまで増えるとされている。ICUにおけるAKIの多くは急性尿細管壊死を主座とした腎障害で,その治療法は適切な輸液,昇圧薬管理がメインであり,腎臓に特異的な介入ではないことが多い。しかしながら,AKIの背景には時に急速進行性糸球体腎炎,間質性腎炎,血液疾患関連の腎障害など免疫抑制薬の介入が必要になる病態がある。本コラムでは,急性尿細管壊死以外の病態を中心に臨床的特徴ならびに診断につながる検査に関して述べる。
Approximately 45% of cases of in-hospital onset acute kidney injury (AKI) are attributed to acute tubular necrosis (ATN), which increases to around 70% as the cause of AKI in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In the ICU, most cases of AKI are renal injury pathologically characterized by ATN, and the main focus of treatment involves appropriate fluid management and administration of vasopressors without any specific renal-targeted therapies. However, certain conditions (e.g., acute progressive glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, renal impairments related to hematological disorders) could require prompt interventions such as immunosuppressive agents. This chapter mainly aims to discuss clinical features and diagnostic examinations that lead to the diagnosis of conditions other than ATN.
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