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神経疾患の分子遺伝学的研究は,認知症に関連する多くの遺伝子を明らかにしてきた.アルツハイマー病ではAPP,PSEN1,PSEN2の3つの原因遺伝子とAPOE,CLU,PICALM,CR1の4つの遺伝的危険因子が同定され,Lewy小体病(主にParkinson病)ではSNCA,PRKN,UCHL1,PINK1,DJ1,LRRK2,SNCBなどを含む11遺伝子,前頭側頭葉変性症ではMAPT,TARDBP,GRN,FUSの4遺伝子,Huntington病ではHTT遺伝子,Creutzfeldt-Jakob病ではPRNP遺伝子,遺伝性皮質下血管性認知症ではNOTCH3,HTRA1の2遺伝子が原因遺伝子として報告されている.これらの遺伝子の異常は,それぞれの疾患に特徴的な病理変化と密接に結びついている.
Recent advances in molecular genetics have identified many genes linked to dementia. Three responsible genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) and 4 genetic risk factors (APOE, CLU, PICALM, CR1) have been identified for Alzheimer's disease, while 11 genes including SNCA, PRKN, UCHL1, PINK1, DJ1, LRRK2, SNCB for Lewy body disease (primarily Parkinson's disease), 4 genes (MAPT, TARDBP, GRN, FUS) for frontotemporal lobar degeneration, HTT gene for Huntington's disease, PRNP gene for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and 2 genes (NOTCH3, HTRA1) for hereditary subcortical vascular dementia have been reported to be causative. Aberrations in these genes are closely associated with the pathology characteristic of the corresponding disorders.
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