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Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation by the inter-organ neuronal network system and its application to the treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes Hideki KATAGIRI 1 , Junta IMAI 1 1Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine pp.1106-1116
Published Date 2025/12/13
DOI https://doi.org/10.32118/ayu295111106
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Abstract

 Impairment of insulin secretion is a critical pathological process underlying diabetes mellitus and is attributable not only to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction but also a reduction in functional β-cell mass. However, no effective therapeutic strategies currently exist to increase functional β-cell mass in vivo, which remains a major obstacle to developing a curative treatment for diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, there are intrinsic mechanisms whereby β-cells proliferate and secrete more insulin to meet the increased systemic demand under certain physiological conditions, such as obesity. Controlling these mechanisms could pave the way for therapeutic strategies targeting insulin-deficient diabetes. We discovered an inter-organ neuronal crosstalk system, which is involved in adaptive insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation. This system consists of the afferent splanchnic nerve from the liver, the central nervous system and efferent vagal nerves to the pancreas. This discovery prompted us to conduct research aimed at developing treatments for insulin-deficient diabetes by modulating the crosstalk system. We have elucidated the molecular mechanisms involved in this inter-organ neuronal crosstalk, such as how the hepatic ERK pathway is activated during obesity development and how vagal nerve signals selectively affect pancreatic islets and induce β-cell proliferation. Furthermore, we developed an optogenetic method to selectively stimulate the vagal nerves innervating the pancreas in vivo. Applying this strategy, we demonstrated that selective stimulation of the vagal nerves innervating the pancreas actually promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation, and thereby achieved long-term treatment of murine insulin-deficient diabetes models. In addition, we have developed a novel experimental technique that allows for the in vivo monitoring of β-cell proliferation in the same individual over time, and have applied this technique to searching for molecules which promote β-cell proliferation. Moreover, we have elucidated the mechanism by which the increased β-cell mass regresses in response to decreased systemic insulin demand, thereby advancing our understanding of how appropriate pancreatic β-cell mass is maintained under various physiological conditions. Collectively, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of manipulating the intrinsic inter-organ crosstalk for amelioration of insulin-deficient diabetes.


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電子版ISSN 印刷版ISSN 0039-2359 医歯薬出版

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