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Uncommon causes of stroke Shuichi FUJII 1 1Emergency and Critical Care Medicine St. Marianna University School of Medicine pp.983-998
Published Date 2017/10/1
DOI https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.3102200459
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Strokes are classified into two main categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic. The majority of strokes are due to atherosclerosis of intracranial or extracranial arteries, occlusion of small vessels and emboli from cardiac or arterial origins in patients with identifiable underlying conditions, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation. However, approximately 25% of patients who have strokes have no such underlying conditions. In these patients with occult diseases, however, uncommon causes including paradoxical emboli through a patent foramen ovale, coagulation disorders, infection, paraneoplastic and inflammatory disorders, and vascular malformations such as Moyamoya disease or other arteriovenous malformations may exist. This review outlines the standard workup for patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, including magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomographic imaging of topographic features of the infarct or hemorrhage in the brain, magnetic resonance or computed tomography angiographic assessments of arteries in the neck and the brain, echocardiography, and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Subsequently, additional investigations for uncommon causes of stroke are discussed, including evaluation for atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic arteriopathies with catheter angiography, evaluation for cardiac sources of embolism with transcranial doppler monitoring for emboli, implant cardiac telemetry, and coagulation tests. An overview of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic testing and treatment for these uncommon causes of stroke is given.


Copyright © 2017, MEDICAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, LTD. All rights reserved.

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電子版ISSN 2186-7852 印刷版ISSN 1883-4833 メディカル・サイエンス・インターナショナル

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