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はじめに
1980年にアメリカ精神医学会の診断基準であるDSM(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)-Ⅲが登場し,従来の神経症の大部分が不安障害と診断されるようになった。それ以来,DSM診断をもとに種々の不安障害亜型(主にパニック障害,全般性不安障害,社会不安障害,強迫性障害,外傷後ストレス障害)についての大規模な偽薬との二重盲検比較試験が行われ,2000年までに古典的な抗不安薬であるベンゾジアゼピン系抗不安薬のみならず,三環系抗うつ薬,モノアミン酸化酵素阻害薬,選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor:SSRI),セロトニン1A受容体アゴニストが種々の不安障害に有効であることが明らかになった1)。さらに,DSMによる不安障害診断をもとにさまざまな生物学的マーカー(神経伝達物質,内分泌,画像)の探索,遺伝についての大規模な研究が行われ,多くのエビデンスが蓄積された2-4)。
2000年以降10年間の不安障害に関する生物学的精神医学研究の進歩は,動物実験による不安・恐怖の神経回路の詳細な解剖学的・機能的解明と,不安あるいは不安障害の画像研究の知見であろう。2000年以降は不安障害の治療学の進歩は少ないが,新しい作用機序の薬剤の有効性がいくつか報告されている。本稿では,不安・恐怖の神経回路と不安障害の画像研究についての最近10年間の進歩を詳しく紹介したのち,遺伝研究と治療の進歩についても紹介したい。
Abstract
We reviewed recent advances in biological studies of anxiety disorders. The most important achievement was the discovery of the neural circuits of fear in the 1990s by using an animal model in which conditioned fear was induced. In the 2000s,this discovery led to further elucidation of neurotransmitters involved in fear and the precise neuronal mechanism of fear conditioning,thereby improving the understanding of neuroimaging findings of patients with anxiety disorders. The amygdala is a central region that is associated with the generation of fear,and its inactivation diminishes fear. In humans,amygdala activation has been consistently reported in anxiety disorders,indicating that hyperactivation of the amygdala is involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Serotonin plays a key role in the treatment of anxiety disorders,and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are currently regarded the first-line drugs used as anxiolytics. From animal studies,the mechanism underlying the anxiolytic effect of SSRIs is hypothesized as follows: SSRIs inhibit the neuronal activities of the amygdala,and this inhibition decreases the level of fear and anxiety. Animal studies of fear conditioning have proposed new treatment strategies for anxiety disorders: D-cycloserine,propranolol,and reactivation-extinction procedure. Among them,D-cycloserine,which is used as an adjunct to psychotherapy to facilitate extinction of fear,has been investigated in several randomized controlled trials,and its efficacies for several anxiety disorders have been established.
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