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Japanese

Simulation of Perforator Courses in DIEP Flap Anatomy Using Augmented/Mixed Reality: The Current Status and Future Perspectives of XR in Plastic Surgery Yuki Otsuki 1 , Takashi Nuri 1 , Koichi Ueda 2 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 2Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Saiseikai Suita Hospital pp.597-602
Published Date 2026/6/10
DOI https://doi.org/10.18916/keisei.2026060005
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 Understanding the perforator location and intramuscular course is essential in breast reconstruction, but interpreting complex vascular pathways solely from computed tomography angiography (CTA) slices remains challenging, especially for trainees. This study presents a mixed reality (MR)-based workflow for the preoperative visualizations of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap anatomy. We integrated open-source platforms — 3D Slicer, Blender —  and Unity to generate 3D models of perforators, the deep inferior epigastric artery, the rectus abdominis, and the abdominal skin surface obtained from CTA data. These models were imported into HoloLens 2 as holograms for interactive spatial review. Surgeons were able to freely examine the perforator pathways from any angle, facilitating an intuitive anatomical understanding and enhancing team preparation. The MR system allowed the workflowʼs application in preoperative planning, education, and shared surgical visualization. This low‑cost, open‑source workflow demonstrates the feasibility and clinical value of MR‑assisted DIEP perforator assessments, and our study findings highlight the workflowʼs potential for applications in intraoperative navigation and personalized surgical assistance.


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電子版ISSN 印刷版ISSN 0021-5228 克誠堂出版

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