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治療目的で投与された薬剤による消化管の副作用として,重金属剤による口内炎にはじまり,消炎鎮痛剤やステロイド剤による胃・十二指腸潰瘍,強心剤や経口血糖下降剤,抗結核剤による悪心,嘔吐,食欲不振などの消化器症状の発現,KClによる小腸潰瘍などが従来より注目されてきた.最近では化学療法の進歩と普及に伴って,主として抗生物質に起因すると考えられる大腸炎が臨床上注目されてきており,新しいclinical entityとして確立されている.
この抗生物質起因性大腸炎として,欧米の文献ではantibiotics associated colitis,drug induced colitis,pseudomembranous colitisなどの呼称で報告されている.本邦ではpseudomembranous colitisに対応する名称として偽膜性大腸炎の用語が一般的である.しかし抗生物質起因性の薬剤性大腸炎には必ずしも偽膜形成を起こさない急性の出血性腸炎の病態を呈する症例も決して少なくないことが最近明らかになっており,これらの一連の大腸炎に関する呼称が本邦のみならず,欧米でも,まだ画一的な名称は見当たらないようである.筆者らも抗生物質起因性の薬剤性大腸炎について,その病態より偽膜形成を来す腸炎(偽膜型)と急性出血,びらんを起こす腸炎(びらん型)に分類して報告したが,果たしてこの呼称がふさわしいものか否か,今もって迷っているところである.
One of the most common side effects of antibiotic therapy is colitis known as antibiotics associated colitis and it is remarkably increasing in the literature of recent years.
Antibiotics associated colitis is classified into two groups according to the inflammatory process; pseudomembranous colitis and hemorrhagic colitis. Although pseudomembranous colitis has received much attention because of its apparent increase in incidence, hemorrhagic colitis is not so well recognized.
During the last eight years, 58 cases of antibiotics associated colitis were experienced in our clinic; 16 cases of pseudomembranous colitis and 42 cases of hemorrhagic colitis. Pseudomembranous colitis was more frequently seen in the elder age, while hemorrhagic colitis had frequent occurrence in the female. Pseudomembranous colitis was induced especially following lincomycin therapy and hemorrhagic colitis, following penicillin therapy. Clinical symptoms of the former were mild abdominal pain, loose bowels, lower abdominal fullness and so on, but those of the latter were sudden onset of severe anal bleeding with tenesmus and colic abdominal pain. In the pseudomembranous colitis, slightly raised yellow-white patches of various size, or pseudomembranes, were inspected endoscopically in almost all the parts of the colon mucosa. Acute hemorrhagic erosions were observed in the transverse colon in hemorrhagic colitis.
Although the etiology of antibiotics associated colitis, especially that of hemorrhagic colitis, has not been well known yet, it is necessary to reserve antibiotics for specific indications to prevent antibiotics associated colitis.
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