高齢者の災害避難支援のための「災害脆弱地区マップ」の作成：地方中規模Ａ市の河川浸水災害を焦点化して

Creating a map of areas vulnerable to disasters for evacuation support of senior citizens: A study of river flooding disasters in City A, a mid-sized city in Japan

抄録

　近年の集中豪雨による河川浸水災害では，「要配慮の高齢者」の避難援護において，「ハザードマップ」および「災害時要援護者名簿」が作成されてはいるが，活用が不十分なために多数の死者を出す事態となった．本研究は，現実的かつ効率的な避難支援計画に役立てるために「災害脆弱地区」を特定し，見える化（マップ化）をはかるものである．対象は北陸地方Ａ市の河川流域で，分析は地理空間情報での被災状況の定量化と，Ａ市高齢者ビッグデータからの病弱および要介護高齢者がどこにどのように存在するのかの確認，また地区の世帯構成状況を把握しマップ化をはかった．その結果，2つの小学校区が河川浸水災害の「脆弱性をもつ地区」と特定された．

　我が国は地域包括ケアシステムが構築されているが，自然災害の被災から高齢者を護るには，このケアシステムに災害救護を取り込む必要がある．今回作成した「災害脆弱地区マップ」を基に，地域の互助力を高める災害看護活動が期待される．

　During river inundation disasters caused by localized torrential rains in recent years, although “hazard maps” and “lists of persons needing consideration during a disaster” have been created to assist with the evacuation of “elderly persons needing consideration,” their insufficient utilization has left many dead. In this study, we identified “areas vulnerable to disasters” and visualized (mapped) them for use in a realistic and efficient evacuation support plan. The target is located in the river basin of city A in the Hokuriku region. The analysis was performed by quantifying the disaster situation with geospatial information, confirming where and how dementia patients and persons needing long-term care, live, and understanding the household composition of the district. We clarified areas A and B as areas vulnerable to floods. It was also mapped as a district vulnerable to a river inundation disaster. In the regional comprehensive care system, disaster relief for elderly people strengthens their self-help capabilities (preventive care). However, it is important to publish a “map of districts vulnerable to disasters” to promote districts' mutual aid ability.