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pp.460-469
Published Date 2022/5/1
DOI https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.3101202246

Abstract

The effects of general anesthesia (GA) exposure in early childhood on long-term neurodevelopment has been a subject of concern and controversy for nearly two decades. While animal studies have provided clear evidence that GA exposure in early life leads to neuroapoptosis and abnormal neurobehavioural consequences, clinical evidence has been mixed. Many retrospective studies have suggested that multiple or prolonged exposure to anesthetics or sedatives, or even a single GA, in early childhood may be associated with adverse neurobehavioral consequences such as learning disability, attentional deficits and behavioural problems in later life. Yet, many other studies show no such association, particularly those which compared academic achievements between children exposed to GA and those who were not. Recent prospective studies demonstrated that a single GA exposure is not associated with clinically measurable differences in general intelligence in later childhood, but may be associated with increased parent reports of behavioural problems. The effects of prolonged or multiple GAs on neurodevelopmental outcomes remain unknown.

Parents and healthcare providers are understandably concerned with the potential long-term effects of GA on the developing brain. It is important that GA should be provided to all patients as medically necessary, as untreated pain and stress is also associated with adverse outcomes. Clinicians should be aware of the potential adverse effects of GA on neurodevelopment and address parents' concerns by providing up to date information and conducting a risk-benefit discussion regarding the need for GA for surgery or diagnostic procedures. Parents should be reassured that a single, brief GA for an otherwise healthy child is unlikely to lead to any long-term neurocognitive or behavioural sequelae. This has to be balanced against the risks and costs of delaying a procedure deemed medically necessary. Anesthetists should also be cognizant that intra-operative management may have a significant role in neurological outcomes and consider strategies to optimize anesthetic management for each child, including strict maintenance of homeostasis and minimizing anesthetic doses and duration.


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電子版ISSN 1883-5511 印刷版ISSN 1340-8836 メディカル・サイエンス・インターナショナル

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