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結核は途上国を中心に世界中の多くの人々に感染している.日本もいまだ結核中蔓延国で,2008年の新登録結核患者数は24,760人である.薬剤耐性結核などの新しい問題の拡大が懸念されており,より予防に重点を置くことへの必要性が増している.これまで長い間BCGワクチンは世界的に利用されてきたが,効果が認められるのは乳児の髄膜炎および粟粒結核が中心で,成人の肺結核にはまだ定まった評価がなされていない.また,BCGワクチンの副反応,直接接種導入以降のコッホ現象や,適切な接種期間の設定など取り組むべき課題が残されている.これからはBCGワクチンより有効性が高く,副作用が少ない新たなワクチンの開発が望まれている.
More than two billion people are infected with TB in the world. BCG vaccine is thought to prevent tuberculosis (TB). Actually, it can prevent the meningitis and disseminated TB among infants, but the efficacy for the adult pulmonary TB varies according to the clinical trials. Several reasons are proposed for the discrepancies, but still not determined. The duration of protection is also still under discussion. The BCG vaccination in Japan is considered safe, but the unfavorable reactions such as prolonged skin trouble, regional lymphadenitis and systemic BCG infection may occur. Koch's phenomenon and its analogue should be addressed in order to suspect TB infection. Several novel TB vaccines are now under development to cope with the problems of TB to which the current BCG is insufficient.
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