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Functions of Direct,Indirect and Hyperdirect Pathways Atsushi Nambu 1 1Division of System Neurophysiology,National Institute for Physiological Sciences Keyword: cortico-basal ganglia loop; hyperdirect , direct and indirect pathways; disinhibition; Parkinson disease; dystonia; deep brain stimulation pp.360-372
Published Date 2009/4/1
DOI https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1416100460
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Abstract

 The ‘direct and indirect pathways model' that was proposed almost 20 years ago revolutionarily changed our understanding of the basal ganglia and was successful in explaining certain aspects of the pathophysiology of movement disorders. However,many evidences and results that contradict this model have emerged during the last decade. In this article,I will introduce the ‘cortico-subthalamo-pallidal hyperdirect pathway' that has become a focus of attention recently and discuss the functions of the basal ganglia with the emphasis on the following four topics: first,effectiveness and limitations of the classical ‘direct and indirect pathways model'; second,focused selection of movements and motor learning; third,firing rate model versus firing pattern model on the pathophysiology of movement disorders; and lastly,mechanisms of stereotaxic surgery.


Copyright © 2009, Igaku-Shoin Ltd. All rights reserved.

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電子版ISSN 1344-8129 印刷版ISSN 1881-6096 医学書院

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