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要旨 HIV(human immunodeficiency virus)感染者は高率に消化器症状,特に慢性下痢を起こすことが知られている.主に後天性免疫不全症候群(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ; AIDS)と関連するものが知られており,日和見感染症または日和見腫瘍に大別される.小腸の日和見感染ではCMV(cytomegalovirus)感染症,MAC(mycobacterium avium complex)症,カンジダ症,腸結核などが,日和見腫瘍では,Kaposi肉腫,悪性リンパ腫などが挙げられる.また,AIDS関連腸症という概念が指摘されており,HIVの腸管感染のため小腸粘膜が萎縮し,吸収障害に伴う下痢や体重減少を引き起こすとされている.造血幹細胞移植は,血液悪性疾患の根治的治療法として,治療成績の向上に大きく貢献している.しかし,この治療法は極めて毒性が強く,致死的となることも少なくない.消化管合併症については様々なものがあるが,代表的なものに移植片対宿主病(graft-versus-host disease ; GVHD)やCMV感染症などが挙げられる.本稿では,前半でHIVやAIDSでみられる小腸病変について,後半で造血幹細胞移植後にみられる小腸GVHDやCMV感染症について概説する.
The lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract harbors most of the T lymphocytes of the body and plays an important role as the first line of defense against viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. Opportunistic infections in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)are usually related to the CD4 count, which is one of the indicators of the level of immunological protection. Opportunistic infections such as candidiasis,MAC(mycobacterium avium complex),CMV(cytomegalovirus), and neoplastic tumors such as Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma are sometimes seen in the gastrointestinal tract.
GVHD(graft-versus-host disease)and CMV disease are serious complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These complications can involve many organs, and the small intestine is the most common site. Circumferential atrophy and/or exfoliation of the small intestinal villi are typical findings in patients with GVHD, while erosion and/or ulceration are typical findings in patients with CMV disease.
Capsule endoscopy is a noninvasive imaging procedure offering complete evaluation of the small intestine. It may be helpful to perform in patients with AIDS,GVHD, and/or CMV far less invasively.
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