対人ケア場面での「思いやり」測定尺度についての文献検討—海外における尺度開発・異文化への適用状況

A Literature Review of Compassion Measurement Scales in Interpersonal Care Settings: Development and Cross-Cultural Applications in International Contexts

要旨

　目的：本研究は，医療福祉現場における対人ケアの「思いやり（コンパッション）」を測定する尺度について，海外での開発状況と異文化適用の課題を明らかにすることを目的とした．

　方法：2009年以降に発表された英語文献を対象にRapid Evidence Assessmentによる文献レビューを実施し，尺度の構成，評価主体，異文化での翻訳・適用状況を整理した．

　結果：信頼性・妥当性が確認された14尺度のうち10が自己評価尺度であり，項目は「内的志向性」「共感・理解」「行動」に分類された．尺度は主にアメリカ合衆国（8件），イギリス（2件），カナダ，スペイン，韓国，イラン，オランダで開発されており，アメリカ主導の傾向が顕著であった．異文化適用時には，項目削除や因子構造の変更が見られた．

　結論：尺度の開発国の文化的前提が測定内容に影響する可能性があるため，翻訳や新規開発に際しては，適用国の文化や医療制度を十分に考慮する必要がある．

　Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the development and cross-cultural application challenges of compassion measurement scales used in interpersonal care in healthcare and welfare settings.

　Methods: A literature review was conducted using the "rapid evidence assessment" method, targeting English-language publications published from 2009 onward. The review focused on the structure of scales, rater types, and processes of translation and application across different cultural contexts.

　Results: Among the 14 scales confirmed to be psychometrically reliable and valid, 10 were selfreport measures. The items were categorized into three domains: internal orientation, empathy and understanding, and compassionate behavior. The majority of the scales were developed in the United States (n=8), followed by the United Kingdom (n=2), and one each in Canada, Spain, South Korea, Iran, and the Netherlands, indicating a strong U.S.-centric trend. Item deletions and changes in the factor structure were frequently observed in cross-cultural applications.

　Conclusion: As the cultural assumptions of the country in which a scale is developed may influence its measurement content, the cultural and institutional contexts of the target country should be carefully considered when translating or developing compassion measures.