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在宅サービスの整備により,今後,在宅死を望む高齢者や家族も増加すると考える.本研究は,高齢者および家族の在宅死の意向を考慮したうえで在宅死に関連する因子について検討することを目的に行った.
1993年4月〜1997年6月に都内の一公的訪問看護指導事業を利用し自宅で死亡確認された59人,最終入院後1週間以内に死亡した35人,監察医による検死を受けた3人の訪問看護記録および担当看護婦へのインタビューから,高齢者・家族の属性,在宅死の意向などの情報を収集した.まず,高齢者や介護者が訪問看護婦に表明した在宅死の意向の内容を整理し,次に医師による自宅での死亡確認を在宅死と定義したうえで,在宅死に関連する因子について統計的に分析した.
その結果,看護婦に表明した内容は,高齢者では「入院拒否」,「在宅希望」が多く,介護者では「家で死を看取る覚悟」が多かった.また,在宅死には次の5因子が関連していることがわかった.
①高齢者の主疾患が心疾患,悪性新生物である.
②本人・介護者が在宅死を希望する.
③往診医が確保できている.
④主治医が診療所の医師である.
⑤医師と終末についてのやりとりがある.
以上の結果より,訪問看護に携わる看護職をはじめ専門職は,高齢者とその家族の終末の意向について日々の介入で把握する努力をすべきである.また,在宅死の意向が明らかな場合,それが可能になるよう医療サービスの調整・マネジメントを行うべきであると考える.
As the home medical services develop, more old person themselves prefer to die and family caregivers prefer to have them die at home. Taking both the elderly and family's intention into consideration, purpose of the research is to examine factors related to location of death.
The research was conducted at a public nursing office in the center of metropolitan Tokyo. Information was collected from all available nursing records of patients, among whom 59 died at home and 35 died wihtin 1 week of hospital admission between April 1993 and June 1997. The information collected comprises of demographic characteristics of elder patients and family, their expression to nurses about location of death and so on. Interview was carried out with the nurses in charge of all such person.
Two major expressions to nurses used by elder person have sorted out by interview. One is "I never be hospitalized." another is "I want to be at home." Most frequent expression used by family caregiver is "I want to attend an old family at home until he dies." As for factors related to location of death of elder person, following five factors were found.
1. Malignant neoplasm or cardiac malfunction is the major sickness of the elderly.
2. The elder patients want to die at home and/or their family's desire to have them die at home.
3. Available home doctor.
4. A doctor in charge of the elderly is from a clinic or a private office, not from large scaled hospital.
5. Conversation held about the death of the elder patient among their home doctor, the elderly themselves and/or their family caregivers.
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