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はじめに
新興・再興感染症の中でも新型インフルエンザは,単なる一感染症ではなく,社会に甚大な被害を与えることが予測されており,世界的な懸念が高まっている。新型インフルエンザは,実際に発生してみないとそのウイルスの特性がわからないため,最悪の事態を想定した準備が必要となる。臨床的にも,新型インフルエンザウイルスによる感染例では,肺炎等の呼吸器系の合併症だけでなく,脳炎・脳症等の中枢神経系の合併症も数多く報告されている。本稿において過去の新型インフルエンザにみられる中枢神経症や,近年本邦で問題となっている小児のインフルエンザ脳症をレビューし,インフルエンザによる中枢神経疾患の病理・病態を考察する。また,現在流行している鳥インフルエンザ(H5N1)のヒト感染例の臨床像を,中枢神経症を中心に概括したい。
Abstract
Avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses in birds in parts of Asia,Africa,and Middle East continue to cause human diseases and to pose the threat of human pandemic flu. Pandemic flu is characterized by respiratory symptoms and is a cause of high fatality rates in the younger population. Previous studies have shown that avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses in humans might also target organs other than lungs. Historical records reveal that in 1918,more than 40 million people died due to influenza pandemic; this pandemic was rapidly followed by an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica in 1919. From the mid-1990's,there have been outbreaks of encephalopathy in Japan which appear to be associated with influenza. In this article,neurological complications associated with influenza have been reviewed by taking a closer look at previous influenza pandemics in the 20th century and seasonal influenza epidemics in Japan; this will enhance preparations against human pandemics. In addition,we have also reviewed a few human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection where the central nervous system (CNS) are involved.
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