働く母親の適応に関連する要因の分析

Analysis of Factors Related to Adaptation to Combining Employment and Motherhood

要旨

　本研究の目的は，働く母親のストレス状況への適応に関連する要因を明らかにすることである．本研究では，仕事と育児の両立への適応状況を，疲労，役割葛藤，役割満足，育児不安の4つの指標を用いて測定した．乳幼児をもち就業している働く母親218名を対象に質問紙調査を行い，以下の結果を得た．

①環境属性要因：労働時間と役割葛藤得点の間には，正の相関関係（r＝.27, p＜.01）が認められた．

②認識と対処の要因：就業意欲の高い群は，そうでない群に比べて，有意に役割葛藤得点，育児不安得点が低く，役割満足得点が高かった（p＜.01）．また，ソーシャルサポート得点は，精神的疲労得点，育児不安得点との間に有意な負の相関（r＝－.22, r＝－.21 ; p＜.01）が認められた．さらに，消極的問題中心対処得点は，身体的疲労得点（r＝.25, p＜.01），育児不安得点（r＝.26, p＜.05）との間に正の相関関係が認められ，役割満足得点（r＝－.24,p＜.01）との間に負の相関関係が認められた．

　働く母親の適応状況には，環境属性要因の他に，認識と対処が関連していた．働く母親の適応を促進する援助には，就業意欲やソーシャルサポート，対処など，認識と対処要因を考慮する必要がある．

Abstract

　The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to adaptation to combining maternal and occupational roles in working mothers. In this study, adaptation was measured by fatigue, role conflict, role satisfaction, and anxiety about child care. The independent variables were background and work-related factors, individual perceptions, and coping with two roles. These variables were guided by the stress and coping framework of Lazarus and Folkman.Our survey was answered by 218 working mothers of preschool children.

The results were as follows:

1. The scores for fatigue, role conflict, and anxiety about child care had significantly positive associations with each other. Moreover, they had significantly inverse associations with the score for role satisfaction.

2. 1) Background and Work-Related Factors: Working hours had significantly positive associations with the score for role conflict.

2) Individual Perceptions and Coping:

Highly career-oriented mothers reported significantly lower scores for role conflict and anxiety about child care. However, they had a significantly higher score for role satisfaction than less career-oriented mothers. The score for social support had significantly inverse associations with the scores for fatigue and anxiety about child care. The score for passive problem-focused coping had a significantly positive association with the scores for fatigue, role conflict, and anxiety about child care. However, the association was negative in regard to role satisfaction.

　These findings suggest that it is important to assess the various ways in which working mothers perceive and cope with their dual roles.