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目的:転倒予防を目的としたフットケアに関して看護に活用可能な文献をレビューし,今後の課題を考える。
方法:「SCOPUS」「CINAHL」「医学中央雑誌」から「高齢者(elderly)」「転倒予防(prevention of fall)」「足(foot)」をキーワードとした原著論文(original article)を抽出し,研究テーマ別に内容をまとめた。
結果:足問題は多くの高齢者に共通した問題であり,主要な転倒リスク要因である転倒経験,バランス機能低下,歩行機能低下との関連が明らかにされている。さらに,足関節の柔軟性,重度の外反母趾,足底感覚の低下,足趾の屈曲筋力の低下,足部痛と転倒の関連が報告されている。1990年代以降,足趾のトレーニング効果を検証する研究が行なわれているが,ランダム化比較試験(RCT)はみられない。履物については,不適切な履物と転倒との関連について述べられているが,介入研究はみられない。
考察:転倒予防を目的としたフットケア研究ははじまったばかりであり,その効果が検証されつつある。今後は,足の観察と手入れ,足の運動,適切な履物の選択など多角的なフットケアプログラムの確立と評価が必要である。さらに,個々のフットケアニーズを把握するための,足の機能,足問題,セルフケア能力など総合的なアセスメントや,多職種間の連携のためのシステム開発を進め,フットケアのエビデンスレベルを高めることが課題であると考える。
[Purpose] To review literature on practical nursing research pertaining to foot care aimed at fall prevention, and to determine future research directions.
[Methods] We conducted a literature search of the SCOPUS, CINAHL, and ICHUSHI databases for original articles using key words “elderly”, “prevention of fall”, “foot care”, “fall” and “foot”, and summarized our findings.
[Results] Foot problems are common in the elderly and are associated with a history of falling, a decline in balance function, and gait decline. Compared to those who fall infrequently, those who fall often exhibit decreased ankle flexibility, more severe hallux valgus deformity, decreased plantar tactile sensitivity, decreased toe and plantar flexor strength, and disabling foot pain. Since the 1990s, research has been conducted to investigate the efficacy of toe training, but so far no randomized controlled trials have been conducted. Some studies have documented that inappropriate footwear is associated with falling, but no intervention studies have been conducted to investigate this.
[Conclusions] Foot care research aimed at fall prevention is in its early stages, and the efficacy of this is still being investigated. Future research should create and validate a multifaceted foot care program which addresses proper monitoring and foot care, foot exercises, and how to choose appropriate footwear. The main challenge will be to increase awareness of the importance of foot care by developing a general assessment program which deals with foot function, foot problems, and selfcare capacities so that individuals can recognize their own foot care needs. Development of a system in which multiple occupations may cooperate to improve foot care would also be a significant contribution to this end.
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