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Ⅰ.はじめに
脳神経外科領域の新しい治療法として,覚醒下手術が最近行われるようになった1)。覚醒下手術とは,手術中に患者を覚醒させ,電気刺激で脳表の機能を落として機能局在を確認したり(マッピング),持続的に手足を動かしたり発話してもらうことにより神経症状の悪化がないか確認しながら手術を施行する方法である。神経症状の悪化を術中に確認し,その部位の手術を回避したり,悪化した場合には術中に回復を待って手術を再開することができるため,基本的には,神経症状を悪化させない一番安全な手術法であると考えられる。脳腫瘍摘出術に関しても,神経症状の悪化を最小限に抑えつつ腫瘍の摘出が可能であったという報告も多数なされている1-3)。一方,脳神経科学の分野においても,術前に確認した神経線維の走行と覚醒下手術の術中の神経症状の変化を対照し,神経線維の機能を同定する報告が最近なされるようになった4)。今回,われわれの施設における経験を踏まえ,覚醒下手術が脳神経外科および脳神経科学にどのように寄与しているか,文献的考察を含めて報告する。
Abstract
Awake surgery has been reported to play a role in the safe removal of brain tumors and detection of the functional localization of the cortex or neuronal tracts. In our hospital, from November 2004 to May 2007, we performed awake surgery with continuous tasks in 33 cases of brain tumors within or near the primary motor area (M1). The relationship between the extent of resection and postoperative motor function in awake surgery cases was compared with that in cases of surgery under general anesthesia, which were performed prior to November 2004. In 32 of 33 cases of awake surgery, the final postoperative motor function was either preserved or improved relative to the preoperative levels; however, in 9 of 14 patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia, deterioration in motor function was noted after surgery. Gross total removal (GTR) was achieved in 20 of 33 cases of awake surgery and in 8 of 14 cases of surgery under general anesthesia, indicating that the extent of resection was similar between awake surgery and surgery under general anesthesia. In most cases of awake surgery, neurological deterioration occurred during internal decompression of the tumors or compression of the normal brain, while surgical manipulation of the tumor margin did not induce neurological deterioration in most cases of surgery under general anesthesia. Moreover, various new findings regarding the function of the cortex or neuronal tract have been reported in awake surgery. We discussed the advantages and future directions of awake surgery. In conclusion, awake surgery plays an important role in neurosurgery and neuroscience.
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