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Classification of Auditory Hallucinations of Psychotic Patients: Multivariate analysis approach Ⅱ Naoki Hayashi 1 1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Branch Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo Keyword: Auditory hallucination , Hallucination , Multivariate analysis , Quantification III analysis , Classification , Schizophrenia pp.171-183
Published Date 1986/2/15
DOI https://doi.org/10.11477/mf.1405204104
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 In this report we present the classification of auditory hallucinations from the standpoint of their phenomenology while in the former report we focused on the interrelation of the components and features of auditory hallucinations and the inner structure of the phenomena. For these purposes we investigated in a semistructured setting fifty-eight psychotics (male:48, female;10), who spoke out the experience consistent to our definition of auditory hallucinations, were judged clinically to be endurable to the investigation, and gave the informed consent to participate in this study. The items inquired in the interviews are contents and features of auditory hallucinations, the nature of the origins from which, patients supposed, hallucinations were emanating, and the subjects' emotions and thoughts during the experience. To analyse the data obtained in the interviews we have utilized "Quantification III analysis", which was devised as a multivariate analysis for quantification of categorized data.

 According to the quantified data we classify auditory hallucinations find and out four types. (see Fig 1,2,3), and these four types are described and characterized as follows.

 Paranoid type: The experiences of this type are "heard" with ears from outside as derogatory and persecutory voices conversing with one another about the patients. Most of perception attributes are intact. These auditory hallucinations are revealed mainly by patients with schizophrenia, paranoid type, and acute paranoid disorder.

 Ego disturbing type: This type of the auditory hallucinations accompanies attributes of ego disturbance symptoms (e.g. patients complaint "Voices are controlling and blocking my thought " " Voices must know everything about me"). In the phenomena of this type it is reported that hallucinatory voices are directly speaking to patients, and are percepted within the patients' body. They are imperative, agonizing and derogatory to patients, and are complained mainly by patients with schizophrenia, paranoid type.

 Ego familiar type: This type is characterized by its ego familiar nature, as well as by its accompanying ego disturbance features. They seem so deeply ingrained in patients' ego that voices contain helpful contents to patients, converse with patients, and can sometimes be ceased and started by pateints' own will, that is to say, hallucinatory voices and patients seem to affect each other in a reciprocal manner. They are percepted within the patients' bodies, and are directly speaking to patients. Most of patients with schizophrenia, disorganized type report this type of auditory hallucinations.

 Simple type: This type is not so invasive to patients as three types described above, and doesn't accompany prominent ego disturbance features. We postulate two subtypes in Simple type auditory hallucinations because we make out that patients experiencing these are to be clinically divided into two groups. One is reported by patients with schizophrenia, residual type and disorganized type, and is named Simple type I. The other, Simple type II., is experienced typically in so-called oneiroid states by patients with schizophrenia, undifferenciated type and schizophreniform psychosis.

 As to each of the hallucination types we further discuss the characteristics in personal relations of the patients, and the psychotherapeutic approaches pertinent to them.


Copyright © 1986, Igaku-Shoin Ltd. All rights reserved.

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電子版ISSN 1882-126X 印刷版ISSN 0488-1281 医学書院

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