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要旨●超拡大内視鏡(EC)は細胞レベルまで拡大可能な内視鏡である.筆者らは扁平上皮の診断において,効率的に食道癌を識別するType分類,これを運用するフローチャートを提案した.ECは病変表層の細胞を描出することが可能で,癌,非癌いずれにおいても病理組織を反映する特徴的な画像が得られる.核密度の上昇と核異型,核の腫大が確認されれば扁平上皮癌であり(Type 3),生検組織診断を省略可能である.生検組織診断は一局面の診断であり,EC診断は一定の面の診断と言うことができる.生検組織診断で境界病変と診断され,確定診断がつかない小扁平上皮癌では,EC観察が診断に有用な場合がある.ただし,放射線照射後や食道炎の強い場合は,生検組織診断を併用するべきである.人工知能(AI)による自動診断システムは内視鏡医による病理診断のサポートが可能である.
Endocytoscopy(EC)is an ultra-high-magnification endoscopic technique that enables visualization at the cellular level. For the diagnosis of squamous epithelium, we proposed a Type classification system that facilitates efficient identification of esophageal cancer, along with a practical flowchart for clinical application. EC allows direct visualization of surface epithelial cells within lesions, and characteristic images reflecting histopathological features are obtainable in both cancerous and non-cancerous conditions.
When increased nuclear density, nuclear atypia, and nuclear enlargement are observed, the lesion can be diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma(Type 3), and histological confirmation by biopsy becomes facultative. In small squamous cell carcinomas that are diagnosed as borderline lesions by biopsy and remain inconclusive, EC observation can be useful for establishing a definitive diagnosis. However, in cases after radiotherapy or in the presence of severe esophagitis, EC findings should be interpreted in conjunction with biopsy-based histopathological diagnosis.
An artificial intelligence-based automated diagnostic system may further support endoscopists by enabling real-time pathological interpretation.

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